MENYA INDWARA ZO MU MUTWE UKO ZI SOBANURWA, IBIMENYETSO, N’ UBUVUZI
Indwara zo mu mutwe zerekanywa n’ ibimenyetso by’ imitwarire n’ imitekereze bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ umuntu mu buzima bwe. Izi ndwara zikabangamira umuntu ufite ibimenyetso byazo.
Nubwo hari indwara nyinshi zo mu mutwe. Uru rutonde rwerekana uko indwara zishyirwa mu byiciro nkuko byagaragajwe mu gitabo the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Icyo gitabo ni kimwe mu bikoreshwa cyane mu gusobanura indwara zo mu mutwe no kwerekana ibimenyetso bigenderwaho mu gusuzuma indwara zo mu mutwe.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Izi ni indwara zo mu mutwe, ibimenyetso byazo bigaragara mu bana bato, ingimbi n’ abangavu. Izi ndwara harimo:
Intellectual Development Disorder
Indwara igaragaza ibimenyetso mbere y’ imyaka 18 y’ ubukure. Irangwa no kugira ubushobozi buke mu mitekerereze n’ imyitwarire yo kwirwanaho. Ubwo bushobozi buke bugaragara iyo umwana akoze ikizamini cy’ imtekerereze (IQ test), bikemezwa iyo abonye amanota ari munsi ya 70. Ibijyanye n’ imyitwarire ni imirimo isaba gushyirwa mu bikorwa buri munsi nko kwiyitaho, gusabana n’ abandi n’ ubumenyi bwo gukora ibikorwa bya buri munsi.
Global Developmental Delay
Iyi ndwara iboneka mu bana bafite munsi y’ imyaka itanu y’ ubukure. Irangwa no gutinda gutekereza, kuvuga, gukora ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe no kugenda. Isuzumwa ku bana batari bagira ubushobozi bwo gukora ikizamini cy’ imitekerereze. Iyo umwana agize imyaka yo kuba yakora icyo kizamini, ashobora gusuzumwa intellectual development disorder (Yavuzwe hejuru)
Izi ndwara zo mu mutwe zigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwo gukoresha, kumva cyangwa kumenya ururimi no kuvuga. Mu gitabo cyerekana indwara zo mu mutwe (DSM-5), harimo ubwoko bune bw’ izi ndwara: language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), and social (pragmatic) communication disorder.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism irangwa no kugira ubushobozi buke (bimara igihe kirekire) mu gusabana no kuvugana n’abandi kandi bikaba mu nguni nyinshi z’ ubuzima, bikajyana n’ imyitwarire imwe kandi yisubiramo.
Igitabo cy’ indwara zo mu mutwe (DSM) cyerekana ko ibimenyetso by’ indwara ya autism spectrum disorder bigomba kuba biboneka ku mwana ukiri muto kandi ibyo bimenyetso bigatuma umwana adakora neza mu bice bitandukanye bigize ubuzima bwe harimo imibanire n’ imikorere ye ya buri munsi.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Iyi ndwara irangwa kudatuza, guhubuka no gukora ibintu nta bwitonzi burimo. Ibi bikabangamira umuntu ufite ibyo bimenyetso mu nguni ebyiri cyangwa zirenze harimo mu rugo, mu kazi, ku ishuri no mu bikorwa bimuhuza n’abandi.
DSM-5(Igitabo cy’ indwara zo mu mutwe) cyerekana ko kugira ngo iyi ndwara yemezwe na muganga, ibi bimenyetso bigomba kugaragara mbere y’ imyaka 12 kandi bikagira ingaruka ku mibanire, akazi cyangwa mu mitsindire yo mu ishuri.
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Indwara ya Bipolar irangwa no guhindagurika kw’amarangamutima bikajyana n’ ibikorwa umuntu akora, n’ imbaraga akoresha. Akenshi bijyana no kugira ibyishimo birenze n’ ibihe by’ agahinda. Iyo umuntu yagize ibyishimo birenze byitwa mania or hypomania.
Mania(Ibihe by’ umunezero udasanzwe)
Mania irangwa no guca mu bihe by’ amarangamutima y’ umunezero, kumva ubohotse nta burakari akenshi biherekezwa no kugira imbaraga nyinshi zo gukora. Ibihe bya mania birangwa no kurangara, kwiyenza no kwigirira icyizere cyane.
Abantu bagaragaraho ibimenyetso bya mania akenshi bagira ibikorwa bishobora kubagiraho ingaruka z’ igihe kirekire nko gukina urusimbi no gutakaza amafaranga mensi bahaha.
Depressive episodes (Ibihe by’agahinda)
Ibi bihe birangwa no kumva ubabaye bikajyana no kubura ubushake bwo gukora ibintu byagushimishaga mbere. Birangwa kandi no kumva ufite kwishinja, umunaniro n’ uburakari.
Muri ibi bihe by’agahinda, abantu bafite indwara ya Bipolar bashobora kubura ubushake bwo gukora ibyabashimishaga, bakagira ibibazo mu gusinzira n’ ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura.
Ibihe by’ umunezero udasanzwe n’ againda bishobora gutera ubwoba nyirubwite cyangwa umuryano, inshuti n’ abandi babona iyo myitwarire ijyana no guhindagurika mu marangamutima. Kubw’ amahirwe, ubuvuzi bukwiye (bwifashisha imiti cyangwa ibiganiro) buratangwa kandi bugafasha abantu bafite indwara ya bipolar mu guhangana n’ ibimenyetso by’ iyi ndwara.
Indwara z’ umuhangayiko(Anxiety Disorders)
Izi ni indwara zirangwa no kugira ubwoba buhoraho, kubura umutuzo n’ imyitwarire idakwiye. Ubwoba bwerekeye kintu cya nyacyo cyangwa cyatekerejwe. Umuhangayiko akenshi urangwa no gutekereza ko ikintu kibi gishobora kwaduka/kuba mu gihe kizaza.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Iyi ndwara irangwa no kubura amahwemo ku bintu biba mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Nubwo umujagararo no kwibaza cyane ari ibice by’ ubuzima bwacu, ibimenyetso by’ iyi ndwara bituma umuntu atamererwa neza cyangwa ngo akore mu buryo bukwiye.
Social Anxiety Disorder (gutinya uruhame)
Iyi ndwara irangwa no kugira ubwoba bwo kurebwa cyangwa gucirwa urubanza. Umuhangayiko uterwa n’ iyi ndwara ushobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw’ umuntu. Bikaba byamukomerera gukora neza mu ishuri, akazi cyangwa ahandi ahurira n’ abandi.
Specific Phobias (Ubwoba bw’ ikintu runaka)
Ubu ni ubwoba bw’ ikintu runaka biboneka mu bidukiije. Ingero: ubwoba bw’ ibitagangurirwa, gutinya amazu maremare cyangwa gutinya inzoka.
Ubwoko bune bw’ ubwoba ku bintu runaka burimo: gutinya Ibiza (inkuba, imirabyo, umuyaga), gutinya ibikorerwa ka muganga(kubaga, gukurwa amenyo, ibikoresho byo mu mavuriro), inyamaswa( imbwa, inzoka, amasazi) n’ ahantu (ahantu hafunganye, kuva mu rugo, cyangwa gutwara imodoka).
Iyo bahuye n’ ikintu batinya, abantu bafite ubu bwoba bashobora kugira iseseme, gutitira, gutera cyane k’ umutima no kugira ubwoba ko bashobora gupfa.
Panic Disorder
Ni indwara yo mu mutwe irangwa no kubura umutuzo kandi ntakintu kidasanzwe cyabaye. Abantu bafite iyo ndwara akenshi barahangayika bagatekerereza ko bashobora kongera kubura amahwemo.
Abantu batangira kwirinda ahantu cyangwa gukora ibikorwa bishobora kubakururira ibyago byo kubura amahwemo, cyane cyane aho banyuze cyangwa batekereza ko bazagera. Ibi bishobora gutuma umuntu adakora neza mu bikorwa bya buri munsi kandi bikamukomerera gukora gahunda ze.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Iyi ni indwara yo guhangayika akenshi irangwa no kugira ubwoba bwinshi bwo gutandukanywa n’ abantu bakuba hafi. Abantu benshi bazi ko abana bato aribo bagira ubu bwoba ariko ibimenyetso byayo bigaragara ku bantu bakuze.
Umuntu ufite ibi bimenyetso ashobora kwirinda kuva mu rugo, kujya ku ishuri cyangwa gushinga urugo kugira ngo agumane n’ abamwitaho bya hafi.
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders (Indwara zijyanye n’ ihungabana)
Indwara zijyanye n’ ihungabana zibaho kubera ko umunti aba yaranyuze mu bihe bikomeye bigatuma abiburira igisobanuro. Izi ndwara m